Comprehensive Python reference: syntax, stdlib, data structures, async/await, decorators, comprehensions, and common patterns
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| Chapter | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Python Data Structures & Patterns | Lists, dicts, sets, tuples, collections module, comprehensions, generators, decorators, context managers, and when to use each pattern. |
| 2 | Async/Await & Concurrency | asyncio deep dive: event loops, coroutines, tasks, futures, async context managers, and async generators. ThreadPoolExecutor vs ProcessPoolExecutor vs asyncio. |
| 3+ | Full Product | All remaining chapters with complete content |
Python's built-in data structures — lists, dicts, sets, and tuples — form the foundation of virtually every Python program. Knowing when and how to use each one, combined with idiomatic patterns like comprehensions, decorators, generators, and context managers, separates novice code from professional-grade Python.
Comprehensions provide a concise syntax for creating sequences from existing iterables.
squares = [x**2 for x in range(20) if x % 2 == 0]
# [0, 4, 16, 36, 64, 100, 144, 196, 256, 324]square_map = {x: x**2 for x in range(10)}
# {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81}unique_lengths = {len(word) for word in words}
# {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}even_squares = tuple(x**2 for x in range(20) if x % 2 == 0)Decorators wrap functions to add behavior without modifying the function itself.
from functools import wraps
def timer(func):
@wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
start = time.perf_counter()
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsed:.3f}s")
return result
return wrapper
@timer
def slow_operation():
time.sleep(1)Generators produce values lazily, one at a time, using yield. They are memory-efficient for large sequences.
def read_large_file(path):
with open(path) as f:
for line in f:
yield line.strip()
def fibonacci():
a, b = 0, 1
while True:
yield a
a, b = b, a + bContext managers handle setup and teardown automatically using the with statement.
from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def temporary_directory():
import tempfile, shutil
path = tempfile.mkdtemp()
try:
yield path
finally:
shutil.rmtree(path)
with temporary_directory() as tmp:
print(f"Working in {tmp}")| Structure | Use Case | Example |
|---|---|---|
| list | Ordered collection, frequent indexing, iteration | API results, user list |
| dict | Key-value lookups, fast membership tests | Config maps, record index |
| set | Unique items, union/intersection/difference ops | Tag dedup, access control |
| tuple | Fixed records, hashable keys, immutability guarantees | Database row, function return |
| deque | Fast appends/pops from both ends | Queue, undo history |
| Counter | Counting hashable objects | Word frequency, vote tally |
| defaultdict | Dict with automatic default values | Grouping records |
| Operation | list | dict | set | tuple |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index / Lookup | O(1) | O(1) avg | O(1) avg | O(1) |
| Search (in) | O(n) | O(1) avg | O(1) avg | O(n) |
| Append | O(1) amortized | — | — | — |
| Insert | O(n) | — | — | — |
| Delete | O(n) | O(1) avg | O(1) avg | — |
| Memory (per item) | ~56 bytes | ~136 bytes | ~136 bytes | ~40 bytes |
Lists and tuples are ordered sequences, but tuples are immutable and more memory-efficient. Dicts and sets use hash tables for O(1) average lookups at the cost of higher per-item memory overhead. Choose based on whether you need ordering, mutability, or fast membership testing.
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